Hafnium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap
HS v2022 Code: 811231
About hafnium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap
HS code 811231 covers the trade and production of hafnium, a rare and valuable metal with a wide range of industrial applications. Hafnium is a key component in nuclear reactors, high-temperature ceramics, and specialized alloys used in aerospace engineering. As a strategic material with limited global supply, the hafnium industry plays an important role in supporting advanced manufacturing and energy production sectors worldwide.
Production process
Hafnium is primarily extracted from zirconium ores through a complex refining process. The raw zirconium mineral is first chemically treated to separate the hafnium content, which typically ranges from 1-3% of the total composition. The isolated hafnium is then further purified through techniques such as chemical vapor deposition or electron beam melting to produce the final unwrought metal, powders, or other hafnium products.
Production inputs
The production of hafnium requires access to zirconium-bearing mineral deposits, as well as specialized chemical processing equipment, high-temperature furnaces, and precise measurement tools. Significant energy inputs, such as electricity and natural gas, are also needed to power the various stages of the refining process. Additionally, the industry relies on a skilled workforce with expertise in materials science, metallurgy, and advanced manufacturing techniques.
Production outputs
The primary outputs from HS code 811231 are unwrought hafnium metal, hafnium powders, and hafnium waste and scrap. These materials are then consumed by a range of downstream industries, including 840110 Nuclear reactors, 840120 Machinery and mechanical appliances, and 810890 Articles of titanium, where hafnium is used for its unique thermal, nuclear, and alloying properties.
Revisions to 811231
Classification codes are adjusted frequently. The code may have been revised or replaced between system versions. The table below shows the history (newest to oldest) of the code 811231. The most recent 1 version of this code (811231) is in the HS v2022 system (this version):
This page shows the most recent version of code 811231.
Family tree for hafnium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap
graph LR
A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/81'>81: Metals; n.e.c., cermets and articles thereof</a>"]
A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8112'>8112: Beryllium, chromium, hafnium, rhenium, thallium, cadmium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, indium and niobium (columbium), articles of these metals, including waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811231'>811231: Hafnium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811212'>811212: Beryllium and articles thereof; unwrought beryllium, powders</a>"]
B --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811213'>811213: Beryllium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811219'>811219: Beryllium and articles thereof; wrought other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811221'>811221: Chromium and articles thereof; unwrought chromium, powders</a>"]
B --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811222'>811222: Chromium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811229'>811229: Chromium and articles thereof; wrought other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811239'>811239: Hafnium and articles thereof; wrought, other than powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811241'>811241: Rhenium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811249'>811249: Rhenium and articles thereof; wrought, other than powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811251'>811251: Thallium and articles thereof; unwrought thallium, powders</a>"]
B --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811252'>811252: Thallium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811259'>811259: Thallium and articles thereof; other than unwrought thallium, powders or waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811261'>811261: Cadmium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811269'>811269: Cadmium; other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811292'>811292: Gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, unwrought, including waste and scrap, powders</a>"]
B --> S["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811299'>811299: Gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, other than unwrought including waste and scrap and powders</a>"]
%% Color coordination by level
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classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px
%% Apply classes
class A level2
class B level4
class C level6
class D level6
class E level6
class F level6
class G level6
class H level6
class I level6
class J level6
class K level6
class L level6
class M level6
class N level6
class O level6
class P level6
class Q level6
class R level6
class S level6
class C highlight
%% class A level1
%% class B,C level2
%% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
%% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
%% class C highlight