Metals; n.e.c., cermets and articles thereof

HS v2022 Code: 81

About metals; n.e.c., cermets and articles thereof

HS code 81 covers a diverse range of metals and metal-based materials that are not classified elsewhere. This industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, providing essential raw materials and components for a wide array of industries, from construction and transportation to electronics and aerospace. The metals and cermets (ceramic-metal composites) encompassed by this code are highly versatile, offering unique properties such as strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal conductivity, making them indispensable in numerous applications.

Production process

The production of the metals and cermets under HS code 81 involves a range of techniques, including smelting, refining, alloying, and powder metallurgy. These processes are used to extract, purify, and combine various metallic elements to create the desired materials with specific properties. Depending on the final product, additional processing steps such as casting, rolling, or machining may be employed to shape the materials into the required forms.

Production inputs

The main inputs for the industries covered by HS code 81 include a variety of raw materials, such as ores, concentrates, and scrap metals. These raw materials are sourced from mining operations and recycling processes. Additionally, the production of these metals and cermets requires specialized equipment, such as furnaces, rolling mills, and powder compaction machinery. Energy, in the form of electricity or fuel, is another crucial input for the energy-intensive smelting and refining processes.

Production outputs

The metals and cermets produced under HS code 81 are used as inputs for a wide range of downstream industries. These include the manufacture of 72 Iron and steel, 74 Copper and articles thereof, 75 Nickel and articles thereof, 76 Aluminum and articles thereof, and 78 Lead and articles thereof, among others. The versatility of these materials allows them to be incorporated into a diverse array of products, from construction materials and transportation equipment to electronic components and medical devices.

Family tree for metals; n.e.c., cermets and articles thereof

    graph LR
    A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/81'>81: Metals; n.e.c., cermets and articles thereof</a>"]

    
    A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8101'>8101: Tungsten (wolfram); articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8102'>8102: Molybdenum; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8103'>8103: Tantalum; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8104'>8104: Magnesium; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8105'>8105: Cobalt; mattes and other intermediate products of cobalt metallurgy, cobalt and articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8106'>8106: Bismuth; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8108'>8108: Titanium; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8109'>8109: Zirconium; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8110'>8110: Antimony; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8111'>8111: Manganese; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8112'>8112: Beryllium, chromium, hafnium, rhenium, thallium, cadmium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, indium and niobium (columbium), articles of these metals, including waste and scrap</a>"]
A --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8113'>8113: Cermets; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"]


    %% Color coordination by level

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    classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px



  %% Apply classes
  class A level2
class B level4
class C level4
class D level4
class E level4
class F level4
class G level4
class H level4
class I level4
class J level4
class K level4
class L level4
class M level4

  class A highlight

  %% class A level1
  %% class B,C level2
  %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
  %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
  %% class A highlight