Chromium and articles thereof; unwrought chromium, powders
HS v2022 Code: 811221
About chromium and articles thereof; unwrought chromium, powders
HS code 811221 covers the trade and production of chromium, a vital metallic element with a wide range of industrial applications. Chromium is a key component in the manufacture of stainless steel, superalloys, and various chemical compounds. Its unique properties, such as high corrosion resistance and hardness, make it an essential material in diverse sectors, including construction, transportation, and defense. The global chromium industry plays a significant role in the broader economy, supporting various downstream industries and contributing to technological advancements.
Production process
The primary production technique for chromium involves the mining and processing of chromite ore, the main natural source of chromium. The ore is extracted from chromium-rich deposits, crushed, and then smelted in electric arc furnaces or other high-temperature processes to produce ferrochrome, an alloy of chromium and iron. Ferrochrome can then be further refined and processed into various chromium products, including unwrought chromium, chromium powders, and chromium-based chemicals.
Production inputs
The chromium industry relies on several key inputs, including chromite ore, energy sources (such as electricity and natural gas) for smelting and refining, and specialized equipment and machinery for mining, processing, and manufacturing chromium-based products. Additionally, the industry requires a skilled workforce with expertise in metallurgy, chemical processing, and industrial engineering to ensure efficient and safe production.
Production outputs
The primary outputs of the chromium industry include unwrought chromium, chromium powders, and various chromium-based articles and compounds. These outputs are then consumed by a wide range of downstream industries, such as 721320 Stainless steel production, 722230 Superalloy production, and 201130 Chromium chemical manufacturing, among others. The versatility of chromium and its applications make it a crucial material in the global economy.
Revisions to 811221
Classification codes are adjusted frequently. The code may have been revised or replaced between system versions. The table below shows the history (newest to oldest) of the code 811221. The most recent 1 version of this code (811221) is in the HS v2022 system (this version):
This page shows the most recent version of code 811221.
Older versions
Family tree for chromium and articles thereof; unwrought chromium, powders
graph LR
A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/81'>81: Metals; n.e.c., cermets and articles thereof</a>"]
A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8112'>8112: Beryllium, chromium, hafnium, rhenium, thallium, cadmium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, indium and niobium (columbium), articles of these metals, including waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811221'>811221: Chromium and articles thereof; unwrought chromium, powders</a>"]
B --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811212'>811212: Beryllium and articles thereof; unwrought beryllium, powders</a>"]
B --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811213'>811213: Beryllium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811219'>811219: Beryllium and articles thereof; wrought other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811222'>811222: Chromium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811229'>811229: Chromium and articles thereof; wrought other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811231'>811231: Hafnium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811239'>811239: Hafnium and articles thereof; wrought, other than powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811241'>811241: Rhenium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811249'>811249: Rhenium and articles thereof; wrought, other than powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811251'>811251: Thallium and articles thereof; unwrought thallium, powders</a>"]
B --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811252'>811252: Thallium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811259'>811259: Thallium and articles thereof; other than unwrought thallium, powders or waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811261'>811261: Cadmium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811269'>811269: Cadmium; other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811292'>811292: Gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, unwrought, including waste and scrap, powders</a>"]
B --> S["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811299'>811299: Gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, other than unwrought including waste and scrap and powders</a>"]
%% Color coordination by level
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classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px
%% Apply classes
class A level2
class B level4
class C level6
class D level6
class E level6
class F level6
class G level6
class H level6
class I level6
class J level6
class K level6
class L level6
class M level6
class N level6
class O level6
class P level6
class Q level6
class R level6
class S level6
class C highlight
%% class A level1
%% class B,C level2
%% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
%% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
%% class C highlight