Beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium (columbium), rhenium and thallium; and articles of these metals, including waste and scrap
HS v2017 Code: 8112
About beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium (columbium), rhenium and thallium; and articles of these metals, including waste and scrap
hs code 8112 covers a diverse range of rare and specialty metals, including beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium, rhenium, and thallium. These metals have unique properties that make them essential for a wide variety of industrial and technological applications, from aerospace and electronics to renewable energy and medical devices. The global trade in these metals is an important component of the broader international trade in industrial and strategic materials.
Production process
The production of the metals covered under hs code 8112 typically involves complex extraction, refining, and processing techniques. Many of these metals are found in low concentrations in ores and require specialized mining and metallurgical processes to extract and purify them. For example, beryllium is often extracted from bertrandite or beryl ores, while chromium is primarily obtained from chromite ore. The specific production methods can vary depending on the metal, but often include steps such as ore beneficiation, smelting, electrochemical refining, and alloying.
Production inputs
The production of the metals under hs code 8112 requires a range of raw materials, machinery, and other inputs. Key raw materials include the various ores and concentrates containing the target metals, as well as reducing agents, fluxes, and other chemicals used in the extraction and refining processes. Specialized equipment such as furnaces, electrolytic cells, and rolling mills are also essential for the various processing steps. Additionally, the industry relies on a skilled workforce with expertise in mining, metallurgy, and materials science.
Production outputs
The metals covered under hs code 8112 have a wide range of applications and are used as inputs for numerous other industries and products. For example, beryllium is used in aerospace components, electronics, and nuclear reactors, while chromium is a key ingredient in stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. Germanium is used in fiber optic cables and infrared optics, while vanadium is used to strengthen steel and titanium alloys. These metals may be traded as pure elements, alloys, or incorporated into finished articles, and their outputs can be found in various 8401 Nuclear reactors, fuel elements, machinery, and parts thereof, 8501 Electric motors and generators, 8517 (Telephone sets, including telephones for cellular networks or for other wireless networks; other apparatus for the transmission or reception of voice, images or other data, including apparatus for communication in a wired or wireless network (such as a local or wide area network), other than transmission or reception apparatus of heading 8443, 8525, 8527 or 8528), and 8542 Electronic integrated circuits products.
Family tree for beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium (columbium), rhenium and thallium; and articles of these metals, including waste and scrap
graph LR A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/81'>81: Metals; n.e.c., cermets and articles thereof</a>"] A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8112'>8112: Beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, hafnium, indium, niobium (columbium), rhenium and thallium; and articles of these metals, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8101'>8101: Tungsten (wolfram); articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8102'>8102: Molybdenum; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8103'>8103: Tantalum; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8104'>8104: Magnesium; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8105'>8105: Cobalt; mattes and other intermediate products of cobalt metallurgy, cobalt and articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8106'>8106: Bismuth; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8107'>8107: Cadmium; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8108'>8108: Titanium; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8109'>8109: Zirconium; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8110'>8110: Antimony; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8111'>8111: Manganese; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] A --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/8113'>8113: Cermets; articles thereof, including waste and scrap</a>"] B --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811212'>811212: Beryllium and articles thereof; unwrought beryllium, powders</a>"] B --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811213'>811213: Beryllium; waste and scrap</a>"] B --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811219'>811219: Beryllium and articles thereof; wrought other than waste and scrap</a>"] B --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811221'>811221: Chromium and articles thereof; unwrought chromium, powders</a>"] B --> S["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811222'>811222: Chromium; waste and scrap</a>"] B --> T["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811229'>811229: Chromium and articles thereof; wrought other than waste and scrap</a>"] B --> U["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811251'>811251: Thallium and articles thereof; unwrought thallium, powders</a>"] B --> V["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811252'>811252: Thallium; waste and scrap</a>"] B --> W["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811259'>811259: Thallium and articles thereof; other than unwrought thallium, powders or waste and scrap</a>"] B --> X["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811292'>811292: Gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, niobium (columbium), rhenium and vanadium; articles thereof, unwrought, including waste and scrap, powders</a>"] B --> Y["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/811299'>811299: Gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, niobium (columbium), rhenium and vanadium; articles thereof, other than unwrought including waste and scrap and powders</a>"] %% Color coordination by level classDef level1 color:#000,fill:#a8f9ff,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px %% Apply classes class A level2 class B level4 class C level4 class D level4 class E level4 class F level4 class G level4 class H level4 class I level4 class J level4 class K level4 class L level4 class M level4 class N level4 class O level6 class P level6 class Q level6 class R level6 class S level6 class T level6 class U level6 class V level6 class W level6 class X level6 class Y level6 class B highlight %% class A level1 %% class B,C level2 %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2 %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3 %% class B highlight