Gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, other than unwrought including waste and scrap and powders

HS v2022 Code: 811299

About gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, other than unwrought including waste and scrap and powders

HS code 811299 covers a diverse range of rare and specialty metals, including gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium), and vanadium. These materials play a crucial role in the production of advanced electronics, semiconductors, and high-performance alloys, making them essential components in a wide array of industries, from telecommunications to aerospace engineering. The global demand for these specialized metals continues to grow, driven by technological advancements and the increasing need for more efficient and innovative products.

Production process

The production of the materials covered under HS code 811299 typically involves complex extraction and refining processes. Gallium, germanium, and indium are often recovered as by-products during the processing of other metal ores, such as zinc and copper. Niobium is primarily extracted from the mineral pyrochlore, while vanadium is obtained from various ores, including magnetite and vanadiferous slag. Advanced metallurgical techniques, including smelting, electrolysis, and chemical separation, are employed to purify and refine these metals to the required levels of purity and quality.

Production inputs

The production of the materials under HS code 811299 requires a range of specialized inputs, including raw mineral ores, chemical reagents, and advanced processing equipment. Depending on the specific metal, the extraction and refining processes may involve the use of high-temperature furnaces, electrochemical cells, and sophisticated analytical instruments. Additionally, the industry relies on a skilled workforce with expertise in metallurgy, chemistry, and materials science to ensure the efficient and safe production of these critical materials.

Production outputs

The outputs of the industries covered under HS code 811299 are primarily used as inputs for a wide range of downstream industries. Gallium, germanium, and indium are commonly used in the production of semiconductors, integrated circuits, and optoelectronic devices, such as 854231 (Light-emitting diodes (LED)) and 854232 Photosensitive semiconductor devices, incl. photovoltaic cells. Niobium is used in the production of high-strength, heat-resistant alloys for aerospace and energy applications, while vanadium is used in the production of specialty steel and titanium alloys. The waste and scrap materials generated during the production process may also be recycled and reused in various industries.

Revisions to 811299

Classification codes are adjusted frequently. The code may have been revised or replaced between system versions. The table below shows the history (newest to oldest) of the code 811299. The most recent 1 version of this code (811299) is in the HS v2022 system (this version):

This page shows the most recent version of code 811299.

Family tree for gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, other than unwrought including waste and scrap and powders

    graph LR
    A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/81'>81: Metals; n.e.c., cermets and articles thereof</a>"]
A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8112'>8112: Beryllium, chromium, hafnium, rhenium, thallium, cadmium, germanium, vanadium, gallium, indium and niobium (columbium), articles of these metals, including waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811299'>811299: Gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, other than unwrought including waste and scrap and powders</a>"]

    B --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811212'>811212: Beryllium and articles thereof; unwrought beryllium, powders</a>"]
B --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811213'>811213: Beryllium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811219'>811219: Beryllium and articles thereof; wrought other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811221'>811221: Chromium and articles thereof; unwrought chromium, powders</a>"]
B --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811222'>811222: Chromium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811229'>811229: Chromium and articles thereof; wrought other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811231'>811231: Hafnium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811239'>811239: Hafnium and articles thereof; wrought, other than powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811241'>811241: Rhenium and articles thereof; unwrought, powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811249'>811249: Rhenium and articles thereof; wrought, other than powders, waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811251'>811251: Thallium and articles thereof; unwrought thallium, powders</a>"]
B --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811252'>811252: Thallium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811259'>811259: Thallium and articles thereof; other than unwrought thallium, powders or waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811261'>811261: Cadmium; waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811269'>811269: Cadmium; other than waste and scrap</a>"]
B --> S["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/811292'>811292: Gallium, germanium, indium, niobium (columbium) and vanadium; articles thereof, unwrought, including waste and scrap, powders</a>"]

    

    %% Color coordination by level

    classDef level1 color:#000,fill:#a8f9ff,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
    classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px



  %% Apply classes
  class A level2
class B level4
class C level6
class D level6
class E level6
class F level6
class G level6
class H level6
class I level6
class J level6
class K level6
class L level6
class M level6
class N level6
class O level6
class P level6
class Q level6
class R level6
class S level6

  class C highlight

  %% class A level1
  %% class B,C level2
  %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
  %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
  %% class C highlight