Cement, concrete or artificial stone; building blocks or bricks, whether or not reinforced

HS code 681011 covers the production of cement, concrete, and artificial stone building materials. This industry is a critical component of the construction sector, providing the essential raw materials needed for the development of infrastructure, residential and commercial buildings, and other structures. As a key driver of economic growth, the cement and concrete industry plays a vital role in supporting the expansion and modernization of both developed and developing economies around the world.

The production of cement, concrete, and artificial stone building materials typically involves a multi-step process. First, the raw materials, such as limestone, clay, and other mineral additives, are extracted and processed. These materials are then ground, mixed, and heated in a kiln to produce cement clinker. The clinker is then ground with gypsum and other admixtures to create the final cement product. Concrete is made by combining cement, aggregates (sand and gravel), and water, which is then poured and allowed to harden. Artificial stone can be produced through various molding and casting techniques, often using cement-based mixtures as the primary binding agent.

The main inputs required for the cement, concrete, and artificial stone industry include raw materials such as limestone, clay, and other mineral resources. Additionally, the industry relies on specialized machinery and equipment for mining, processing, and manufacturing the final products. Energy sources, such as coal or natural gas, are also crucial for the high-temperature kilns used in cement production. Transportation infrastructure, such as roads and railways, is necessary to move the raw materials and finished goods to market.

The primary outputs of HS code 681011 are cement, concrete, and various types of artificial stone building materials, including blocks, bricks, and other prefabricated construction elements. These products are then consumed by the 460000 Construction industry, where they are used in the construction of buildings, infrastructure, and other structures. Additionally, the outputs of this industry may be further processed or combined with other materials to create more specialized construction products, such as 680500 Prefabricated buildings.