Cement, concrete or artificial stone; building blocks or bricks, whether or not reinforced

HS code 681011 covers the production of cement, concrete, and artificial stone building materials. This industry is a critical component of the construction sector, providing the essential raw materials needed for the development of infrastructure, buildings, and other structures. As a key driver of economic growth, the cement and concrete industry plays a vital role in supporting the expansion and modernization of both developed and developing economies around the world.

The production of cement, concrete, and artificial stone building materials typically involves a multi-step process. First, the raw materials, such as limestone, clay, and other mineral additives, are extracted and processed. These materials are then ground, mixed, and heated in a kiln to produce cement clinker. The clinker is then ground with gypsum and other admixtures to create the final cement product. Concrete is made by combining cement, aggregates (sand and gravel), and water, which is then poured and allowed to harden. Artificial stone can be produced through a variety of techniques, including molding, casting, or pressing the raw materials into desired shapes and forms.

The main inputs required for the cement, concrete, and artificial stone industry include limestone, clay, gypsum, and other mineral resources. Additionally, the industry relies on specialized machinery and equipment for mining, processing, and manufacturing the final products. Energy sources, such as coal or natural gas, are also crucial for the high-temperature kilns used in cement production. Transportation infrastructure, such as roads and railways, is essential for the distribution of raw materials and finished goods.

The primary outputs of the cement, concrete, and artificial stone industry are the various building materials, including cement, ready-mix concrete, precast concrete products, and artificial stone blocks or bricks. These materials are then consumed by the construction industry, which uses them to build a wide range of structures, including 460100 residential buildings, 460200 non-residential buildings, and 420100 civil engineering works. The cement and concrete industry also produces specialized products, such as 681019 other articles of cement, concrete or artificial stone, which may be used in more specialized applications.