Ink; writing, drawing and other inks, n.e.c. in heading no. 3215, whether or not concentrated or solid

HS code 321590 covers a diverse range of ink products, including writing inks, drawing inks, and other specialty inks not classified elsewhere. These inks play a vital role in various industries, from commercial printing and packaging to artistic and creative applications. As a key component in the production of printed materials, the ink industry is closely tied to the broader economy, with demand fluctuating alongside changes in commercial and consumer activities.

The production of inks covered under HS code 321590 typically involves a combination of raw material blending, pigment dispersion, and formulation processes. Manufacturers may use a variety of techniques, such as high-shear mixing, ball milling, or three-roll milling, to ensure the proper dispersion and stability of the ink components. The final ink product is then carefully adjusted for viscosity, color, and other performance characteristics to meet the specific requirements of its intended use.

The main inputs required for the production of inks under HS code 321590 include pigments, dyes, resins, solvents, and various additives. Pigments, such as carbon black, organic pigments, and metallic pigments, provide the desired color and opacity. Resins, such as alkyd, acrylic, or polyurethane, help bind the pigments and provide the necessary film-forming properties. Solvents, including water, alcohols, and hydrocarbons, are used to control the ink's viscosity and facilitate its application. Additives, such as dispersants, wetting agents, and drying agents, are also commonly used to enhance the ink's performance characteristics.

The inks produced under HS code 321590 are primarily used in a wide range of printing and writing applications, including 321510 Printing ink, 960810 Pens, 960820 Felt-tipped and other porous-tipped pens and markers, and 960840 Pencils. These inks are essential for the production of printed materials, such as books, magazines, packaging, and labels, as well as for various artistic and creative pursuits. The output of this industry is closely linked to the demand for these end-use products and services.