Iron and steel

HS v2022 Code: 72

Chapter	Heading	Sub-heading
72	n/a	n/a

Code	72
Version	HS v2022
Hierarchy Level	2
Datasource	WCO

This Code: Iron and steel

Child Codes: Pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks or other primary forms; Ferro-alloys; Iron or non-alloy steel; bars and rods, n.e.c. in chapter 72; Stainless steel in ingots or other primary forms; semi-finished products of stainless steel; Wire of other alloy steel; Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products, width 600mm or more, clad, plated or coated; Iron or non-alloy steel, angles, shapes and sections; Alloy steel flat-rolled products, of a width 600mm or more; Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products, width less than 600mm, clad, plated or coated; Iron and non-alloy steel in ingots or other primary forms (excluding iron of heading no. 7203); Iron or non-alloy steel; semi-finished products thereof; Alloy steel bars, rods, shapes and sections; hollow drill bars and rods, of alloy or non-alloy steel; Ferrous products obtained by direct reduction of iron ore and other spongy ferrous products, in lumps, pellets or the like; iron having a minimum purity of 99.94%, in lumps, pellets or similar forms; Stainless steel bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils; Iron or non-alloy steel; bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils; Alloy steel flat-rolled products, of a width of less than 600mm; Stainless steel bars and rods, angles, shapes and sections; Stainless steel; flat-rolled products of width less than 600mm; Wire of iron or non-alloy steel; Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products, width less than 600mm, not clad, plated or coated; Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products, width 600mm or more, cold-rolled (cold-reduced), not clad, plated or coated; Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products of a width of 600mm or more, hot-rolled, not clad, plated or coated; Stainless steel wire; Granules and powders, of pig iron, spiegeleisen, iron or steel; Steel, alloy; bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils; Iron or non-alloy steel; bars and rods, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot drawn or hot-extruded, but including those twisted after rolling; Stainless steel; flat-rolled products of width of 600mm or more; Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel; Alloy steel in ingots or other primary forms, semi-finished products of other alloy steel

About iron and steel

HS code 72 covers a wide range of iron and steel products, which are fundamental to many industries and essential for economic development. Iron and steel are among the most widely used materials in the world, with applications in construction, transportation, machinery, and consumer goods. This industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, supporting the production and distribution of a vast array of products that are vital to modern life.

Production process

The production of iron and steel involves several key steps. First, iron ore, coal, and other raw materials are smelted in a blast furnace to produce pig iron. The pig iron is then refined in a basic oxygen furnace or electric arc furnace to remove impurities and produce crude steel. The crude steel is then cast into various shapes, such as slabs, billets, or blooms, which can be further processed through rolling, forging, or other metalworking techniques to create a wide range of finished steel products.

Production inputs

The main inputs required for the iron and steel industry include iron ore, coal, scrap metal, and various alloying elements such as chromium, nickel, and manganese. Specialized machinery, such as blast furnaces, rolling mills, and casting equipment, are also essential for the production process. Additionally, the industry relies on a skilled workforce, energy sources, and a well-developed transportation infrastructure to support the movement of raw materials and finished goods.

Production outputs

The iron and steel industry produces a diverse range of outputs, including 7201 Pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks or other primary forms, 7202 Ferro-alloys, 7203 Ferrous products obtained by direct reduction of iron ore and other spongy ferrous products, 7204 Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel, and a wide variety of finished steel products, such as 7208 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more, hot-rolled, not clad, plated or coated, 7209 (Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more, cold-rolled (cold-reduced), not clad, plated or coated), and 7210 Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of 600 mm or more, clad, plated or coated. These steel products are then consumed by various industries, including construction, automotive, machinery, and consumer goods.

Family tree for iron and steel

    graph LR
    A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/72'>72: Iron and steel</a>"]

    
    A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7201'>7201: Pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks or other primary forms</a>"]
A --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7202'>7202: Ferro-alloys</a>"]
A --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7203'>7203: Ferrous products obtained by direct reduction of iron ore and other spongy ferrous products, in lumps, pellets or the like; iron having a minimum purity of 99.94%, in lumps, pellets or similar forms</a>"]
A --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7204'>7204: Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel</a>"]
A --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7205'>7205: Granules and powders, of pig iron, spiegeleisen, iron or steel</a>"]
A --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7206'>7206: Iron and non-alloy steel in ingots or other primary forms (excluding iron of heading no. 7203)</a>"]
A --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7207'>7207: Iron or non-alloy steel; semi-finished products thereof</a>"]
A --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7208'>7208: Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products of a width of 600mm or more, hot-rolled, not clad, plated or coated</a>"]
A --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7209'>7209: Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products, width 600mm or more, cold-rolled (cold-reduced), not clad, plated or coated</a>"]
A --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7210'>7210: Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products, width 600mm or more, clad, plated or coated</a>"]
A --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7211'>7211: Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products, width less than 600mm, not clad, plated or coated</a>"]
A --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7212'>7212: Iron or non-alloy steel; flat-rolled products, width less than 600mm, clad, plated or coated</a>"]
A --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7213'>7213: Iron or non-alloy steel; bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils</a>"]
A --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7214'>7214: Iron or non-alloy steel; bars and rods, not further worked than forged, hot-rolled, hot drawn or hot-extruded, but including those twisted after rolling</a>"]
A --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7215'>7215: Iron or non-alloy steel; bars and rods, n.e.c. in chapter 72</a>"]
A --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7216'>7216: Iron or non-alloy steel, angles, shapes and sections</a>"]
A --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7217'>7217: Wire of iron or non-alloy steel</a>"]
A --> S["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7218'>7218: Stainless steel in ingots or other primary forms; semi-finished products of stainless steel</a>"]
A --> T["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7219'>7219: Stainless steel; flat-rolled products of width of 600mm or more</a>"]
A --> U["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7220'>7220: Stainless steel; flat-rolled products of width less than 600mm</a>"]
A --> V["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7221'>7221: Stainless steel bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils</a>"]
A --> W["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7222'>7222: Stainless steel bars and rods, angles, shapes and sections</a>"]
A --> X["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7223'>7223: Stainless steel wire</a>"]
A --> Y["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7224'>7224: Alloy steel in ingots or other primary forms, semi-finished products of other alloy steel</a>"]
A --> Z["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7225'>7225: Alloy steel flat-rolled products, of a width 600mm or more</a>"]
A --> BA["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7226'>7226: Alloy steel flat-rolled products, of a width of less than 600mm</a>"]
A --> BB["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7227'>7227: Steel, alloy; bars and rods, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils</a>"]
A --> BC["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7228'>7228: Alloy steel bars, rods, shapes and sections; hollow drill bars and rods, of alloy or non-alloy steel</a>"]
A --> BD["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/7229'>7229: Wire of other alloy steel</a>"]


    %% Color coordination by level

    classDef level1 color:#000,fill:#a8f9ff,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px
    classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px



  %% Apply classes
  class A level2
class B level4
class C level4
class D level4
class E level4
class F level4
class G level4
class H level4
class I level4
class J level4
class K level4
class L level4
class M level4
class N level4
class O level4
class P level4
class Q level4
class R level4
class S level4
class T level4
class U level4
class V level4
class W level4
class X level4
class Y level4
class Z level4
class BA level4
class BB level4
class BC level4
class BD level4

  class A highlight

  %% class A level1
  %% class B,C level2
  %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
  %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
  %% class A highlight