Millstones and grindstones; for milling, grinding or pulping

HS v2022 Code: 680410

About millstones and grindstones; for milling, grinding or pulping

HS code 680410 covers the production and trade of millstones, grindstones, and other abrasive tools used for milling, grinding, or pulping. These essential industrial tools are vital components in a wide range of manufacturing and processing industries, from food production to mineral processing. As a key enabler of many economic activities, the 680410 industry plays an important role in the broader global economy.

Production process

Millstones and grindstones are typically produced by quarrying and shaping natural stone materials, such as granite, sandstone, or silica. The stones are then carefully balanced and mounted on a rotating shaft or frame, allowing them to grind, crush, or pulp various materials as they spin. Specialized manufacturing techniques may also be used to bond abrasive materials, like silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, onto the stone surfaces to enhance their grinding capabilities.

Production inputs

The primary inputs for the 680410 industry are the raw stone materials, such as 250612 Silica sand and 250620 Quartz, as well as specialized abrasive compounds. Industrial machinery, including lathes, polishing equipment, and mounting systems, are also essential inputs for the production of millstones and grindstones. Energy sources, such as electricity or fuel, are required to power the manufacturing processes.

Production outputs

The primary outputs of the 680410 industry are the millstones, grindstones, and other abrasive tools used for milling, grinding, and pulping. These products are widely consumed by a variety of industries, including 110100 Wheat, 110220 (Maize (corn)), and 251010 Natural calcium phosphates. The 680410 industry also produces specialized grinding media, such as pebbles and balls, which are used in various mineral processing and chemical manufacturing applications.

Revisions to 680410

Classification codes are adjusted frequently. The code may have been revised or replaced between system versions. The table below shows the history (newest to oldest) of the code 680410. The most recent 1 version of this code (680410) is in the HS v2022 system (this version):

This page shows the most recent version of code 680410.

Family tree for millstones and grindstones; for milling, grinding or pulping

    graph LR
    A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/68'>68: Stone, plaster, cement, asbestos, mica or similar materials; articles thereof</a>"]
A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/6804'>6804: Millstones, grindstones, grinding wheels, etc without frameworks, for grinding, sharpening, polishing, etc and parts thereof, natural stone, agglomerated natural or artificial abrasives or of ceramics</a>"]
B --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/680410'>680410: Millstones and grindstones; for milling, grinding or pulping</a>"]

    B --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/680421'>680421: Millstones, grindstones, grinding wheels and the like; of agglomerated synthetic or natural diamond</a>"]
B --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/680422'>680422: Millstones, grindstones, grinding wheels and the like; of other agglomerated abrasives or of ceramics</a>"]
B --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/680423'>680423: Millstones, grindstones, grinding wheels and the like; of natural stone</a>"]
B --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/680430'>680430: Stones; hand sharpening or polishing stones, of natural stone, agglomerated natural or artificial abrasives or ceramics, with or without parts of other materials</a>"]

    

    %% Color coordination by level

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    classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px



  %% Apply classes
  class A level2
class B level4
class C level6
class D level6
class E level6
class F level6
class G level6

  class C highlight

  %% class A level1
  %% class B,C level2
  %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
  %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
  %% class C highlight