Rubber; ebonite and other hard rubbers in all forms, including waste and scrap, and articles of hard rubber

HS code 401700 covers a diverse range of rubber-based products, including ebonite and other hard rubbers in various forms. This industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, providing essential materials for a wide array of industries, from automotive and construction to consumer goods and medical devices. The versatility and durability of hard rubber make it an indispensable component in numerous applications, contributing to its significant economic impact.

The production of hard rubber and related products under HS code 401700 typically involves a multi-step process. First, raw rubber materials, such as natural or synthetic rubber, are compounded with various additives, including fillers, vulcanizing agents, and stabilizers. The mixture is then subjected to heat and pressure, undergoing a process called vulcanization, which cross-links the polymer chains and enhances the material's strength, elasticity, and resistance to heat and chemicals. Depending on the desired end-product, the vulcanized rubber may be further processed through techniques like molding, extrusion, or machining to create the final hard rubber articles.

The main inputs required for the production of hard rubber and related products under HS code 401700 include raw rubber materials, such as 400110 Natural rubber, in primary forms or in plates, sheets or strip, 400122 (Technically specified natural rubber (TSNR)), and various synthetic rubber compounds. Additionally, the industry relies on a range of chemicals, including vulcanizing agents, fillers, and stabilizers, as well as specialized machinery and equipment for the manufacturing processes.

The primary outputs of the industry covered by HS code 401700 are a diverse range of hard rubber products, including 401610 Articles of vulcanized rubber other than hard rubber, 401693 Gaskets, washers and other seals, of vulcanized rubber, and 401699 Articles of vulcanized rubber, n.e.s.. These hard rubber articles are widely used in various industries, such as automotive, construction, and consumer goods, where their durability, resistance, and versatility make them essential components.