Rubber; ebonite and other hard rubbers in all forms, including waste and scrap, and articles of hard rubber

HS code 401700 covers a diverse range of rubber-based products, including ebonite and other hard rubbers in various forms. This industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, providing essential materials for a wide array of industries, from automotive and construction to consumer goods and medical devices. The versatility and durability of hard rubber make it an indispensable component in numerous applications, contributing to its significant economic impact.

The production of hard rubber goods typically involves a multi-step process. First, raw rubber materials, such as natural or synthetic rubber, are compounded with various additives, including fillers, vulcanizing agents, and stabilizers. The mixture is then heated and molded into the desired shape, often using compression or injection molding techniques. Finally, the molded parts undergo a curing or vulcanization process, which enhances their strength, durability, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and other environmental factors.

The main inputs required for the production of hard rubber goods include 400110 Natural rubber, latex, whether or not pre-vulcanized, 400122 (Technically specified natural rubber (TSNR)), 400129 Natural rubber in other forms, and various synthetic rubber compounds. Additionally, the industry relies on specialized machinery, such as mixing equipment, molding presses, and curing ovens, as well as a skilled workforce to operate these systems effectively.

The outputs of the hard rubber industry encompass a wide range of products, including 401610 Articles of vulcanized rubber other than hard rubber, 401693 Gaskets, washers and other seals, of vulcanized rubber, and 401699 Articles of vulcanized rubber, n.e.s.. These hard rubber goods are then consumed by various downstream industries, such as automotive, construction, and industrial manufacturing, where their unique properties make them essential components.