Alkaloids; of opium and their derivatives; salts thereof

HS v2017 Code: 293911

About alkaloids; of opium and their derivatives; salts thereof

HS code 293911 covers a critical segment of the pharmaceutical industry, dealing with the production and trade of alkaloids derived from opium. These naturally occurring compounds, including morphine, codeine, and thebaine, serve as essential raw materials for the manufacture of various prescription medications, such as analgesics, antitussives, and narcotic antagonists. The global demand for these alkaloids remains high, as they are indispensable in the treatment of pain, cough, and other medical conditions, making this industry a vital component of the broader healthcare ecosystem.

Production process

The production of alkaloids covered under HS code 293911 typically involves the extraction and purification of these compounds from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). This process often begins with the harvesting of the opium latex, which is then subjected to a series of chemical processes to isolate the desired alkaloids. Techniques such as solvent extraction, crystallization, and chromatography are commonly employed to achieve the necessary purity and separation of the individual alkaloids.

Production inputs

The primary inputs for the production of alkaloids under HS code 293911 include the opium poppy as the raw material, as well as various chemical reagents and solvents used in the extraction and purification processes. Specialized equipment, such as extraction columns, distillation units, and analytical instruments, are also essential for the efficient and controlled production of these alkaloids.

Production outputs

The main outputs of the industry covered by HS code 293911 are the isolated alkaloids, such as morphine, codeine, and thebaine, which are then further processed and formulated into various pharmaceutical products. These alkaloids serve as key ingredients in the production of 300450 Medicaments; containing alkaloids or derivatives thereof, not containing hormones, other products of heading 29.37 or antibiotics, 300490 Medicaments; n.e.c. in heading 3004, put up in measured doses or in forms or packings for retail sale, and 300290 (Human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic uses; toxins, cultures of micro-organisms (excluding yeasts) and similar products), among other related codes.

Revisions to 293911

Classification codes are adjusted frequently. The code may have been revised or replaced between system versions. The table below shows the history (newest to oldest) of the code 293911. The most recent 1 version of this code (293911) is in the HS v2022 system:

This page shows a legacy version of code 293911 ( HS v2017).

Family tree for alkaloids; of opium and their derivatives; salts thereof

    graph LR
    A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/29'>29: Organic chemicals</a>"]
A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2939'>2939: Alkaloids; natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives</a>"]
B --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293911'>293911: Alkaloids; of opium and their derivatives; salts thereof</a>"]

    B --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293919'>293919: Alkaloids; of opium and their derivatives; other than in 2939.11, salts thereof</a>"]
B --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293920'>293920: Alkaloids; of cinchona and their derivatives; salts thereof</a>"]
B --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293930'>293930: Alkaloids; caffeine and its salts</a>"]
B --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293941'>293941: Alkaloids; ephedrine and its salts</a>"]
B --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293942'>293942: Alkaloids; pseudoephedrine (INN) and its salts</a>"]
B --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293943'>293943: Alkaloids; cathine (INN) and its salts</a>"]
B --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293944'>293944: Alkaloids; norephedrine and its salts</a>"]
B --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293949'>293949: Alkaloids; other than ephedrine, pseudoephedrine (INN), norephedrine, and cathine (INN) and their salts</a>"]
B --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293951'>293951: Alkaloids; theophylline and aminophylline (theophylline-ethylenediamine) and their derivatives; salts thereof, fenetylline (INN) and its salts</a>"]
B --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293959'>293959: Alkaloids; theophylline and aminophylline (theophylline-ethylenediamine) and their derivatives; salts thereof, other than fenetylline</a>"]
B --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293961'>293961: Alkaloids; of rye ergot and their derivatives, ergometrine (INN) and its salts</a>"]
B --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293962'>293962: Alkaloids; of rye ergot and their derivatives, ergotamine (INN) and its salts</a>"]
B --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293963'>293963: Alkaloids; of rye ergot and their derivatives, lysergic acid and its salts</a>"]
B --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293969'>293969: Alkaloids; of rye ergot and their derivatives, salts thereof, n.e.c. in item no. 2939.6</a>"]
B --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293971'>293971: Alkaloids; of vegetal origin, cocaine, ecgonine, levometamfetamine, metamfetamine (INN), metamfetamine racemate; salts, esters and other derivatives thereof</a>"]
B --> S["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293979'>293979: Alkaloids; of vegetal origin, other than cocaine, ecgonine, levometamfetamine, metamfetamine (INN), metamfetamine racemate; salts, esters and other derivatives; n.e.c. in heading no. 2939</a>"]
B --> T["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/293980'>293980: Alkaloids; natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, esters and other derivatives n.e.c. in heading no. 2939</a>"]

    

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    classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px



  %% Apply classes
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class B level4
class C level6
class D level6
class E level6
class F level6
class G level6
class H level6
class I level6
class J level6
class K level6
class L level6
class M level6
class N level6
class O level6
class P level6
class Q level6
class R level6
class S level6
class T level6

  class C highlight

  %% class A level1
  %% class B,C level2
  %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
  %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
  %% class C highlight