Petroleum coke; (not calcined), obtained from bituminous minerals

HS code 271311 covers petroleum coke, a solid carbon-rich material obtained as a by-product during the refining of crude oil. Petroleum coke is a crucial industrial commodity, finding widespread applications in various sectors, including steel production, cement manufacturing, and power generation. As a cost-effective and energy-dense fuel, petroleum coke plays a significant role in supporting the global economy and meeting the growing energy demands of industrialized nations.

Petroleum coke is produced through the thermal cracking or coking of heavy oil fractions, such as residual oils or heavy gas oils, in refinery coking units. The process involves heating the heavy oil feedstock to high temperatures, typically around 500°C, in the absence of oxygen. This thermal treatment causes the heavy hydrocarbons to break down into lighter fractions, leaving behind a solid, carbon-rich material known as petroleum coke.

The primary inputs for the production of petroleum coke are heavy oil fractions, such as residual oils or heavy gas oils, obtained from the crude oil refining process. Additionally, the production of petroleum coke requires specialized coking units, which are typically found in large-scale oil refineries. These coking units are equipped with high-temperature furnaces and other specialized equipment to facilitate the thermal cracking and separation of the heavy oil feedstock.

The primary output of HS code 271311 is petroleum coke, which can be further classified into different grades based on its physical and chemical properties. The petroleum coke produced under this code is typically not calcined, meaning it has not undergone a high-temperature treatment to remove volatile matter and increase its carbon content. This non-calcined petroleum coke is often used as a fuel in various industrial applications, such as 271312 Petroleum coke, calcined production, cement manufacturing, and power generation.