Coke and semi-coke; of coal, lignite or peat, whether or not agglomerated; retort carbon

HS v2017 Code: 2704

About coke and semi-coke; of coal, lignite or peat, whether or not agglomerated; retort carbon

HS code 2704 covers the production of coke and semi-coke, which are important energy sources and raw materials in various industries. Coke, a solid carbon-rich material, is primarily derived from the high-temperature heating of coal in the absence of oxygen. This process, known as carbonization, is a crucial step in the production of steel, as coke serves as a reducing agent and energy source in blast furnaces. The coke and semi-coke industry plays a vital role in the global energy and manufacturing sectors, supporting the growth and development of economies worldwide.

Production process

The production of coke and semi-coke involves several key steps. First, coal or other carbonaceous materials, such as lignite or peat, are heated in the absence of oxygen, typically in a coke oven or retort. This process, known as pyrolysis or carbonization, drives off volatile components, leaving behind a solid, porous material known as coke. The coke may then be further processed, such as by agglomeration, to produce semi-coke or other specialized products. The specific techniques and equipment used can vary depending on the type of feedstock and the desired properties of the final product.

Production inputs

The main inputs required for the production of coke and semi-coke include coal, lignite, or peat as the primary raw materials. Additionally, the process requires specialized equipment, such as coke ovens, retorts, and agglomeration machinery. Energy sources, such as electricity or natural gas, are also necessary to power the high-temperature heating and processing steps. The availability and quality of these raw materials and resources can significantly impact the efficiency and output of the coke and semi-coke industry.

Production outputs

The primary outputs of the coke and semi-coke industry are the coke and semi-coke products themselves, which are then consumed by various other industries. Coke is a crucial input for the 7207 Steel industry, where it is used as a reducing agent and energy source in blast furnaces. Semi-coke may also be used in the 7207 Steel industry, as well as in the 2701 Coal industry and the 2704 Retort carbon industry. Additionally, the production process can yield other by-products, such as coal tar and coal gas, which have their own industrial applications.

Family tree for coke and semi-coke; of coal, lignite or peat, whether or not agglomerated; retort carbon

    graph LR
    A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/27'>27: Mineral fuels, mineral oils and products of their distillation; bituminous substances; mineral waxes</a>"]
A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2704'>2704: Coke and semi-coke; of coal, lignite or peat, whether or not agglomerated; retort carbon</a>"]

    A --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2701'>2701: Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal</a>"]
A --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2702'>2702: Lignite; whether or not agglomerated, excluding jet</a>"]
A --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2703'>2703: Peat; (including peat litter), whether or not agglomerated</a>"]
A --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2705'>2705: Coal gas, water gas, producer gas and similar gases, other than petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons</a>"]
A --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2706'>2706: Tar distilled from coal, from lignite, peat and other mineral tars, whether or not dehydrated or partially distilled; including reconstituted tars</a>"]
A --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2707'>2707: Oils and other products of the distillation of high temperature coal tar; similar products in which the weight of the aromatic constituents exceeds that of the non-aromatic constituents</a>"]
A --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2708'>2708: Pitch and pitch coke; obtained from coal tar or from other mineral tars</a>"]
A --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2709'>2709: Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals; crude</a>"]
A --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2710'>2710: Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, not crude; preparations n.e.c, containing by weight 70% or more of petroleum oils or oils from bituminous minerals; these being the basic constituents of the preparations; waste oils</a>"]
A --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2711'>2711: Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons</a>"]
A --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2712'>2712: Petroleum jelly; paraffin wax, micro-crystalline petroleum wax, slack wax, ozokerite, lignite wax, peat wax, other mineral waxes, similar products obtained by synthesis, other processes; coloured or not</a>"]
A --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2713'>2713: Petroleum coke, petroleum bitumen; other residues of petroleum oils or oils obtained from bituminous minerals</a>"]
A --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2714'>2714: Bitumen and asphalt, natural; bituminous or oil shale and tar sands; asphaltites and asphaltic rocks</a>"]
A --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2715'>2715: Bituminous mixtures based on natural asphalt; on natural bitumen, on petroleum bitumen, on mineral tar or on mineral tar pitch (e.g. bituminous mastics, cut-backs)</a>"]
A --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/2716'>2716: Electrical energy</a>"]

    B --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2017/270400'>270400: Coke and semi-coke; of coal, lignite or peat, whether or not agglomerated; retort carbon</a>"]


    %% Color coordination by level

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    classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px



  %% Apply classes
  class A level2
class B level4
class C level4
class D level4
class E level4
class F level4
class G level4
class H level4
class I level4
class J level4
class K level4
class L level4
class M level4
class N level4
class O level4
class P level4
class Q level4
class R level6

  class B highlight

  %% class A level1
  %% class B,C level2
  %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
  %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
  %% class B highlight