Friction material and articles thereof (e.g. sheets, rolls, strips, segments, discs, washers, pads) not mounted; for clutches or the like (not brake linings and pads), with a basis of mineral substances or cellulose (other than asbestos)

HS code 681389 covers a diverse range of friction materials and articles used in various industrial and automotive applications. These products play a crucial role in the smooth operation of machinery, equipment, and vehicles, ensuring efficient power transmission and safe braking. As a key component in clutches, this industry supports a wide array of industries, from manufacturing to transportation, making it an integral part of the broader global economy.

The production of friction materials and articles under HS code 681389 typically involves a combination of specialized manufacturing processes. This may include mixing and compounding raw materials, such as mineral substances or cellulose, with binders and other additives to create the desired friction characteristics. The resulting mixture is then formed into sheets, rolls, strips, segments, discs, washers, or pads through techniques like pressing, molding, or extrusion. Quality control and testing procedures are essential to ensure the final products meet industry standards and performance requirements.

The main inputs for the production of friction materials and articles under HS code 681389 include a variety of mineral substances, such as asbestos-free fibers, ceramics, or metals, as well as cellulose-based materials. Binders, such as resins or adhesives, are also crucial components. Specialized machinery, including mixing equipment, presses, and molding systems, are necessary for the manufacturing process. Additionally, the industry relies on a skilled workforce to operate the equipment and ensure consistent product quality.

The primary outputs of the industry covered by HS code 681389 are friction materials and articles, such as sheets, rolls, strips, segments, discs, washers, and pads. These products are used in a wide range of applications, including clutches, brakes, and other mechanical systems. The outputs of this industry may be consumed by various other industries, such as 870840 Motor vehicle parts and accessories, 842191 Parts of machinery for filtering or purifying gases, and 848310 (Transmission shafts (including camshafts and crankshafts) and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings; gears and gearing; ball or roller screws; gear boxes and other speed changers, including torque converters; flywheels and pulleys, including pulley blocks; clutches and shaft couplings (including universal joints)).