Turbines; steam and other vapour turbines
HS v2022 Code: 8406
About turbines; steam and other vapour turbines
HS code 8406 covers steam and other vapour turbines, which are critical components in power generation, industrial processes, and transportation. These turbines play a vital role in converting the energy stored in pressurized steam or other vapours into mechanical power, making them essential for the efficient operation of power plants, manufacturing facilities, and various other applications across the global economy.
Production process
The production of steam and other vapour turbines typically involves a multi-step process. First, the turbine components, such as the rotor, stator, and blades, are precisely engineered and manufactured using advanced metalworking techniques. These components are then carefully assembled, ensuring proper alignment and balance. The turbine is then tested and calibrated to ensure optimal performance and efficiency before being integrated into the final system.
Production inputs
The production of steam and other vapour turbines requires a range of specialized inputs, including high-quality metals 7207 Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steel, advanced manufacturing equipment 8425 Pulley tackle and hoists; winches and capstans; jacks, and skilled labour. Additionally, the turbines may require specialized materials, such as heat-resistant alloys, to withstand the high temperatures and pressures encountered during operation.
Production outputs
Steam and other vapour turbines produced under HS code 8406 are primarily used in power generation 8502 Electric generating sets and rotary converters and industrial processes 8404 Auxiliary plant for use with boilers; condensers for steam or other vapour power units. These turbines are essential components in the production of electricity, as well as in various manufacturing and processing industries that rely on the efficient conversion of thermal energy into mechanical power.
Family tree for turbines; steam and other vapour turbines
graph LR A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/84'>84: Machinery and mechanical appliances, boilers, nuclear reactors; parts thereof</a>"] A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8406'>8406: Turbines; steam and other vapour turbines</a>"] A --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8401'>8401: Nuclear reactors; fuel elements (cartridges), non-irradiated, for nuclear reactors, machinery and apparatus for isotopic separation</a>"] A --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8402'>8402: Boilers; steam or other vapour generating (other than central heating hot water boilers, capable also of producing low pressure steam), super heated water boilers</a>"] A --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8403'>8403: Central heating boilers; excluding those of heading no. 8402</a>"] A --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8404'>8404: Auxiliary plant for use with boilers of heading no. 8402 or 8403; e.g. economisers, super-heaters, soot removers, gas recoverers), condensers for steam or other vapour power units</a>"] A --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8405'>8405: Generators for producer or water gas with or without their purifiers acetylene gas generators and similar water process gas generators, with or without their purifiers</a>"] A --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8407'>8407: Reciprocating or rotary internal combustion piston engines</a>"] A --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8408'>8408: Compression-ignition internal combustion piston engines (diesel or semi-diesel engines)</a>"] A --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8409'>8409: Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the engines of heading no. 8407 or 8408</a>"] A --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8410'>8410: Turbines; hydraulic water wheels and regulators therefor</a>"] A --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8411'>8411: Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines</a>"] A --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8412'>8412: Engines and motors; n.e.c. (e.g. reaction engines, hydraulic power engines, pneumatic power engines)</a>"] A --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8413'>8413: Pumps; for liquids, whether or not fitted with measuring device, liquid elevators</a>"] A --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8414'>8414: Air or vacuum pumps, air or other gas compressors and fans; ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating a fan; gas-tight biological safety cabinets whether or not fitted with filters</a>"] A --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8415'>8415: Air conditioning machines; comprising a motor driven fan and elements for changing the temperature and humidity, including those machines in which the humidity cannot be separately regulated</a>"] A --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8416'>8416: Furnace burners for liquid fuel, for pulverised solid fuel or for gas; mechanical grates, mechanical ash dischargers and similar appliances</a>"] A --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8417'>8417: Furnaces and ovens; industrial or laboratory, including incinerators, non-electric</a>"] A --> S["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8418'>8418: Refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing equipment, electric or other; heat pumps other than air conditioning machines of heading no. 8415</a>"] A --> T["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8419'>8419: Machinery, plant (not domestic), or laboratory equipment; electrically heated or not, (excluding items in 85.14) for the treatment of materials by a process involving change of temperature; including instantaneous or non electric storage water heaters</a>"] A --> U["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8420'>8420: Machines; calendering or other rolling machines, for other than metal or glass and cylinders therefor</a>"] A --> V["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8421'>8421: Centrifuges, including centrifugal dryers; filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for liquids or gases</a>"] A --> W["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8422'>8422: Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning, drying, filling, closing, sealing, capsuling or labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags, etc, machinery for aerating beverages</a>"] A --> X["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8423'>8423: Weighing machines; excluding balances of a sensitivity of 5cg or better, including weight operated counting or checking machines and weights of all kinds</a>"] A --> Y["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8424'>8424: Mechanical appliances for projecting, dispersing or spraying liquids or powders; fire extinguishers, spray guns, steam, sand blasting machines</a>"] A --> Z["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8425'>8425: Pulley tackle and hoists other than skip hoists; winches and capstans; jacks</a>"] A --> BA["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8426'>8426: Derricks, cranes, including cable cranes, mobile lifting frames, straddle carriers and works trucks fitted with a crane</a>"] A --> BB["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8427'>8427: Fork-lift and other works trucks; fitted with lifting or handling equipment</a>"] A --> BC["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8428'>8428: Lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery; n.e.c. in heading no. 8425, 8426 or 8427 (e.g. lifts, escalators, conveyors, teleferics)</a>"] A --> BD["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8429'>8429: Bulldozers, graders, levellers, scrapers, angledozers, mechanical shovels, excavators, shovel loaders, tamping machines and road rollers, self-propelled</a>"] A --> BE["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8430'>8430: Moving, grading, levelling, scraping, excavating, tamping, compacting, extracting or boring machinery, for earth, minerals, or ores; pile drivers and extractors; snow ploughs and snow blowers</a>"] A --> BF["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8431'>8431: Machinery parts; used solely or principally with the machinery of heading no. 8425 to 8430</a>"] A --> BG["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8432'>8432: Agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or cultivation; lawn or sports-ground rollers</a>"] A --> BH["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8433'>8433: Harvesting and threshing machinery, straw and fodder balers, grass or hay mowers; machines for cleaning, sorting or grading eggs, fruit or other agricultural produce, other than machinery of heading no 8437</a>"] A --> BI["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8434'>8434: Milking machines and dairy machinery</a>"] A --> BJ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8435'>8435: Presses, crushers and similar machinery; used in the manufacture of wine, cider, fruit juices or similar beverages</a>"] A --> BK["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8436'>8436: Agricultural, horticultural, forestry, poultry-keeping, bee-keeping machinery; including germination plant fitted with mechanical or thermal equipment; poultry incubators and brooders</a>"] A --> BL["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8437'>8437: Machines for cleaning, sorting, grading seed, grain, dried leguminous vegetables; machinery used in the milling industry for the working of cereals or dried leguminous vegetables, not farm type machinery</a>"] A --> BM["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8438'>8438: Machinery n.e.c. in this chapter, for the industrial preparation or manufacture of food or drink; other than machinery for extraction or preparation of animal or fixed vegetable or microbial fats or oils</a>"] A --> BN["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8439'>8439: Machinery; for making pulp of fibrous cellulosic material, or for making or finishing paper or paperboard</a>"] A --> BO["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8440'>8440: Book-binding machinery; including book-sewing machines</a>"] A --> BP["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8441'>8441: Machines; for making up paper pulp, paper or paperboard, including cutting machines of all kinds</a>"] A --> BQ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8442'>8442: Machinery, apparatus and equipment (excluding machines of headings 8456 to 8465) for preparing or making printing components; plates, cylinders and other printing components; lithographic stones prepared for printing purposes</a>"] A --> BR["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8443'>8443: Printing machinery; used for printing by means of plates, cylinders and other printing components of heading 84.42; other printers, copying machines and facsimile machines, whether or not combined; parts and accessories thereof</a>"] A --> BS["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8444'>8444: Textile machinery; for extruding, drawing, texturing or cutting man-made textile materials</a>"] A --> BT["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8445'>8445: Textile machinery; spinning, doubling, twisting machines, textile reeling or winding machines and machines for preparing textile yarns for use on machines of heading no. 8446 and 8447</a>"] A --> BU["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8446'>8446: Weaving machines (looms)</a>"] A --> BV["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8447'>8447: Knitting machines, stitch-bonding machines and machines for making gimped yarn, tulle, lace, embroidery, trimmings, braid or net and machines for tufting</a>"] A --> BW["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8448'>8448: Machinery, auxiliary; for use with machines of heading no. 8444 to 8447 (e.g. dobbies, jacquards, automatic stop motions, shuttle changing mechanisms) parts, accessories for machines of heading no. 8444, 8447</a>"] A --> BX["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8449'>8449: Machinery; for manufacture or finishing felt or non-wovens in the piece or in shapes, including machinery for making felt hats, blocks for making hats</a>"] A --> BY["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8450'>8450: Household or laundry-type washing machines; including machines which both wash and dry</a>"] A --> BZ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8451'>8451: Machinery (not of heading no. 8450) for washing, cleaning, wringing, drying, ironing, pressing, bleaching, dyeing, dressing, finishing, coating or impregnating textile yarn, fabrics or made up articles</a>"] A --> CA["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8452'>8452: Sewing machines; other than book-sewing machines of heading no. 8440; furniture, bases and covers specially designed for sewing machines; sewing machine needles</a>"] A --> CB["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8453'>8453: Machinery for preparing, tanning or working hides, skins or leather or for making or repairing footwear or other articles of hides, skins or leather, other than sewing machines</a>"] A --> CC["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8454'>8454: Converters, ladles, ingot moulds and casting machines; of a kind used metallurgy or in metal foundries</a>"] A --> CD["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8455'>8455: Metal-rolling mills and rolls therefor</a>"] A --> CE["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8456'>8456: Machine-tools; for working any material by removal of material, by laser or other light or photon beam, ultrasonic, electro-discharge, electro-chemical, electron beam, ionic-beam, or plasma arc processes; water-jet cutting machines</a>"] A --> CF["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8457'>8457: Machining centres, unit construction machines (single station) and multi-station transfer machines for working metal</a>"] A --> CG["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8458'>8458: Lathes for removing metal</a>"] A --> CH["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8459'>8459: Machine-tools; (including way-type unit head machines) for drilling, boring, milling, threading or tapping by removing metal, other than lathes of heading no. 8458</a>"] A --> CI["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8460'>8460: Machine-tools; for deburring, sharpening, grinding, honing, lapping, polishing or otherwise finishing metal, sintered metal carbides or cermets by means of grinding stones, abrasives or polishing products</a>"] A --> CJ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8461'>8461: Machine-tools; for planing, shaping, slotting, broaching, gear cutting and grinding, finishing, sawing, cutting off and other tools working by removing metal, sintered metal carbides or cermets n.e.c.</a>"] A --> CK["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8462'>8462: Machine-tools (including presses) for working metal by forging, hammering or die forging (excluding rolling mills); machine-tools (including presses, slitting lines and cut-to-length lines) for working metal by bending, folding, straightening, flattening,</a>"] A --> CL["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8463'>8463: Machine-tools; n.e.c. for working metal, sintered metal carbides or cermets without removing material</a>"] A --> CM["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8464'>8464: Machine-tools; for working stone, ceramics, concrete, asbestos-cement or like mineral materials or for cold working glass</a>"] A --> CN["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8465'>8465: Machine-tools; (including machines for nailing, stapling, glueing or otherwise assembling) for working wood, cork, bone, hard plastics or rubber or similar hard materials</a>"] A --> CO["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8466'>8466: Parts & accessories suited for use only/mainly with machines of headings 8456-8465, including work/tool holders, self-opening dieheads, dividing heads & other special attachments for the machines; tool holders for any type of tool for working in the hand</a>"] A --> CP["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8467'>8467: Tools; for working in the hand, pneumatic, hydraulic or with self-contained electric or non-electric motor</a>"] A --> CQ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8468'>8468: Machinery and apparatus for soldering, brazing, welding, whether or not capable of cutting, other than those of heading no. 8515; gas-operated surface tempering machines and appliances</a>"] A --> CR["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8470'>8470: Calculating machines and pocket-size data recording, reproducing and displaying machines with calculating functions; accounting machines, postage-franking machines, ticket-issuing machines and similar, incorporating a calculating device; cash registers</a>"] A --> CS["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8471'>8471: Automatic data processing machines and units thereof, magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing data onto data media in coded form and machines for processing such data, not elsewhere specified or included</a>"] A --> CT["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8472'>8472: Office machines; not elsewhere classified</a>"] A --> CU["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8473'>8473: Machinery; parts and accessories (other than covers, carrying cases and the like) suitable for use solely or principally with machines of headings 84.70 to 84.72</a>"] A --> CV["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8474'>8474: Machinery for sorting, screening, separating, washing, crushing, grinding, mixing or kneading earth, stone, ores in solid form, shaping, moulding machinery for solid mineral fuels</a>"] A --> CW["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8475'>8475: Machines; for assembling electric or electronic lamps, tubes, valves, flashbulbs, in glass envelopes, machines for manufacturing or hot working glass or glassware</a>"] A --> CX["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8476'>8476: Automatic goods-vending machines (e.g. postage stamp, cigarette, food or beverage machines), including money-changing machines</a>"] A --> CY["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8477'>8477: Machinery; for working rubber or plastics or for the manufacture of products from these materials, n.e.c. in this chapter</a>"] A --> CZ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8478'>8478: Machinery; for preparing or making up tobacco, n.e.c. in this chapter</a>"] A --> DA["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8479'>8479: Machinery and mechanical appliances; having individual functions, n.e.c. in this chapter</a>"] A --> DB["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8480'>8480: Moulding boxes for metal foundry, moulding patterns, moulds for metals (excluding ingot moulds), metal carbides, glass, mineral materials, rubber or plastics</a>"] A --> DC["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8481'>8481: Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves</a>"] A --> DD["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8482'>8482: Ball or roller bearings</a>"] A --> DE["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8483'>8483: Transmission shafts (including cam and crank) and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings; gears and gearing; ball or roller screws; gear boxes and other speed changers; flywheels and pulleys; clutches and shaft couplings</a>"] A --> DF["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8484'>8484: Gaskets and similar joints of metal sheeting combined with other material or of two or more layers of metal; sets or assortments of gaskets and similar joints, dissimilar in composition, put up in pouches, envelopes or similar packings; mechanical seals</a>"] A --> DG["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8485'>8485: Machines for additive manufacturing</a>"] A --> DH["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8486'>8486: Machines and apparatus of a kind used solely or principally for the manufacture of semiconductor boules or wafers, semiconductor devices, electronic integrated circuits or flat panel displays; machines & apparatus specified in note 11 (C) to this Chapter</a>"] A --> DI["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/8487'>8487: Machinery parts; not containing electrical connectors, insulators, coils, contacts or other electrical features, n.e.c. in this chapter</a>"] B --> DJ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/840610'>840610: Turbines; steam and other vapour turbines, for marine propulsion</a>"] B --> DK["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/840681'>840681: Turbines; steam and other vapour turbines, (for other than marine propulsion), of an output exceeding 40MW</a>"] B --> DL["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/840682'>840682: Turbines; steam and other vapour turbines, (for other than marine propulsion), of an output not exceeding 40MW</a>"] B --> DM["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/840690'>840690: Turbines; parts of steam and other vapour turbines</a>"] %% Color coordination by level classDef level1 color:#000,fill:#a8f9ff,stroke:#333,stroke-width:2px classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef level3 color:#000,fill:#419d78,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px %% Apply classes class A level2 class B level4 class C level4 class D level4 class E level4 class F level4 class G level4 class H level4 class I level4 class J level4 class K level4 class L level4 class M level4 class N level4 class O level4 class P level4 class Q level4 class R level4 class S level4 class T level4 class U level4 class V level4 class W level4 class X level4 class Y level4 class Z level4 class BA level4 class BB level4 class BC level4 class BD level4 class BE level4 class BF level4 class BG level4 class BH level4 class BI level4 class BJ level4 class BK level4 class BL level4 class BM level4 class BN level4 class BO level4 class BP level4 class BQ level4 class BR level4 class BS level4 class BT level4 class BU level4 class BV level4 class BW level4 class BX level4 class BY level4 class BZ level4 class CA level4 class CB level4 class CC level4 class CD level4 class CE level4 class CF level4 class CG level4 class CH level4 class CI level4 class CJ level4 class CK level4 class CL level4 class CM level4 class CN level4 class CO level4 class CP level4 class CQ level4 class CR level4 class CS level4 class CT level4 class CU level4 class CV level4 class CW level4 class CX level4 class CY level4 class CZ level4 class DA level4 class DB level4 class DC level4 class DD level4 class DE level4 class DF level4 class DG level4 class DH level4 class DI level4 class DJ level6 class DK level6 class DL level6 class DM level6 class B highlight %% class A level1 %% class B,C level2 %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2 %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3 %% class B highlight