Cork and articles of cork

HS code 45 covers a diverse range of products derived from the bark of the cork oak tree. Cork is a unique and versatile natural material that has been used for centuries in a wide variety of applications, from bottle stoppers to insulation. The cork industry plays an important role in the global economy, particularly in countries where cork oak forests are prevalent, such as Portugal, Spain, and North Africa. Cork products are valued for their durability, thermal and acoustic insulation properties, and environmental sustainability.

The production of cork products typically involves several key steps. First, the cork bark is harvested from the cork oak tree, a process known as 'cork stripping' that is carried out every 9-12 years. The harvested cork is then boiled, cleaned, and sorted based on quality and thickness. Depending on the final product, the cork may be further processed through cutting, shaping, or agglomeration techniques to create the desired form, such as sheets, tiles, or granules.

The primary input for the cork industry is the raw cork bark harvested from cork oak trees. In addition to the cork itself, the industry also requires specialized machinery and tools for the harvesting, processing, and manufacturing of cork products. Energy sources, such as electricity or natural gas, are also necessary for the various production stages, including boiling, drying, and shaping the cork.

The cork industry produces a wide range of outputs, including 4503 Natural cork, 4504 Agglomerated cork, and 4505 Other articles of cork. These cork products are used in a variety of applications, such as bottle stoppers, insulation materials, flooring, and various consumer goods. The outputs of the cork industry are often consumed by industries producing 2204 Wine, 4401 Fuel wood, 4412 Plywood, veneered panels and similar laminated wood, and 6815 Non-electrical articles of stone or other mineral substances, among others.