Glycosides, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives

HS v2022 Code: 2938

About glycosides, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives

HS code 2938 covers a diverse range of organic compounds known as glycosides. These naturally occurring or synthetically produced substances play a crucial role in various industries, from pharmaceuticals to food processing. Glycosides are composed of a sugar molecule (glycone) bonded to a non-sugar molecule (aglycone), and they exhibit a wide array of biological activities, making them valuable in numerous applications across the global economy.

Production process

The production of glycosides typically involves extraction from natural sources, such as plants, or synthesis through chemical processes. Natural glycosides are often isolated from plant materials using techniques like maceration, percolation, or supercritical fluid extraction. Synthetic glycosides, on the other hand, are commonly produced through enzymatic or chemical reactions, where the sugar moiety is coupled with the desired aglycone compound.

Production inputs

The main inputs required for the production of glycosides include a variety of plant materials, such as leaves, roots, or flowers, as well as specialized equipment for extraction and purification. Additionally, chemical reagents, catalysts, and solvents are necessary for the synthesis of glycosides. Manufacturers in this industry also rely on advanced analytical equipment to ensure the quality and purity of their products.

Production outputs

The diverse range of glycosides produced under HS code 2938 find applications in numerous industries. They are widely used in the pharmaceutical sector as active ingredients or precursors for various drugs, including cardiac glycosides, antitumor agents, and anti-inflammatory compounds. Glycosides are also employed in the food and beverage industry as natural sweeteners, flavoring agents, and preservatives. Additionally, they are utilized in the cosmetic and personal care industry, as well as in the production of 3824 (Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores; chemical products and preparations of the chemical or allied industries (including those consisting of mixtures of natural products), not elsewhere specified or included), 3907 Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins, in primary forms; polycarbonates, alkyd resins, polyallyl esters and other polyesters, in primary forms, and 3926 Other articles of plastics and articles of other materials of headings 3901 to 3914, among other products.

Family tree for glycosides, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives

    graph LR
    A["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/29'>29: Organic chemicals</a>"]
A --> B["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2938'>2938: Glycosides, natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives</a>"]

    A --> C["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2901'>2901: Acyclic hydrocarbons</a>"]
A --> D["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2902'>2902: Cyclic hydrocarbons</a>"]
A --> E["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2903'>2903: Halogenated derivatives of hydrocarbons</a>"]
A --> F["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2904'>2904: Sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of hydrocarbons; whether or not halogenated</a>"]
A --> G["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2905'>2905: Acyclic alcohols and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> H["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2906'>2906: Alcohols; cyclic, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> I["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2907'>2907: Phenols; monophenols, polyphenols, and phenol-alcohols</a>"]
A --> J["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2908'>2908: Phenols or phenol-alcohols; halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> K["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2909'>2909: Ethers, ether-alcohols, ether-phenols, ether-alcohol-phenols, alcohol peroxides, ether peroxides, acetal and hemiacetal peroxides, ketone peroxides (chemically defined or not), and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> L["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2910'>2910: Epoxides, epoxyalcohols, epoxyphenols and epoxyethers; with a three-membered ring and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> M["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2911'>2911: Acetals and hemiacetals; whether or not with other oxygen function, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrostated derivatives</a>"]
A --> N["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2912'>2912: Aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen function; cyclic polymers of aldehydes; paraformaldehyde</a>"]
A --> O["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2913'>2913: Aldehydes; halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives of products of heading no. 2912</a>"]
A --> P["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2914'>2914: Ketones and quinones; whether or not with other oxygen function, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrostated derivatives</a>"]
A --> Q["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2915'>2915: Acids; saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> R["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2916'>2916: Acids; unsaturated acyclic monocarboxylic, cyclic monocarboxylic, their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> S["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2917'>2917: Acids; polycarboxylic acids, their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxy-acids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> T["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2918'>2918: Acids; carboxylic acid with additional oxygen function and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides, peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> U["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2919'>2919: Esters; phosphoric, and their salts, including lactophosphates, their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> V["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2920'>2920: Esters of other inorganic acids of non-metals (other than of hydrogen halides) and their salts, their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives</a>"]
A --> W["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2921'>2921: Amine-function compounds</a>"]
A --> X["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2922'>2922: Oxygen-function amino-compounds</a>"]
A --> Y["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2923'>2923: Quaternary ammonium salts and hydroxides; lecithins and other phosphoaminolipids, whether or not chemically defined</a>"]
A --> Z["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2924'>2924: Carboxyamide-function compounds; amide-function compounds of carbonic acid</a>"]
A --> BA["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2925'>2925: Carboxyimide-function compounds (including saccharin and its salts) and imine-function compounds</a>"]
A --> BB["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2926'>2926: Nitrile-function compounds</a>"]
A --> BC["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2927'>2927: Diazo-, azo- or azoxy-compounds</a>"]
A --> BD["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2928'>2928: Organic derivatives of hydrazine or of hydroxylamine</a>"]
A --> BE["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2929'>2929: Nitrogen-function compounds, n.e.c. in chapter 29</a>"]
A --> BF["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2930'>2930: Organo-sulphur compounds</a>"]
A --> BG["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2931'>2931: Other organo-inorganic compounds</a>"]
A --> BH["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2932'>2932: Heterocyclic compounds with oxygen hetero-atom(s) only</a>"]
A --> BI["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2933'>2933: Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only</a>"]
A --> BJ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2934'>2934: Nucleic acids and their salts, whether or not chemically defined; other heterocyclic compounds</a>"]
A --> BK["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2935'>2935: Sulphonamides</a>"]
A --> BL["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2936'>2936: Provitamins, vitamins; natural or reproduced by synthesis (including natural concentrates) derivatives thereof used as vitamins, and intermixtures of the fore-going, whether or not in any solvent</a>"]
A --> BM["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2937'>2937: Hormones, prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, natural or reproduced by synthesis; derivatives and structural analogues thereof, including chain modified polypeptides, used primarily as hormones.</a>"]
A --> BN["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2939'>2939: Alkaloids; natural or reproduced by synthesis, and their salts, ethers, esters and other derivatives</a>"]
A --> BO["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2940'>2940: Sugars, chemically pure, other than sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose and fructose; sugar ethers, sugar acetals and sugar esters, and their salts, other than the products of heading 29.37, 29.38, or 29.39</a>"]
A --> BP["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2941'>2941: Antibiotics</a>"]
A --> BQ["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/2942'>2942: Organic compounds; n.e.c. in chapter 29</a>"]

    B --> BR["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/293810'>293810: Glycosides; rutoside (rutin) and its derivatives</a>"]
B --> BS["<a href='/classifications/hs/v2022/293890'>293890: Glycosides; natural or reproduced by synthesis, other than rutoside (rutin) and its derivatives</a>"]


    %% Color coordination by level

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    classDef level2 color:#000,fill:#e0a458,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
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    classDef level4 color:#000,fill:#c04abc,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level5 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef level6 color:#000,fill:#f1c40f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:1px
    classDef highlight color:#000,fill:#fff,stroke:#000,stroke-width:5px



  %% Apply classes
  class A level2
class B level4
class C level4
class D level4
class E level4
class F level4
class G level4
class H level4
class I level4
class J level4
class K level4
class L level4
class M level4
class N level4
class O level4
class P level4
class Q level4
class R level4
class S level4
class T level4
class U level4
class V level4
class W level4
class X level4
class Y level4
class Z level4
class BA level4
class BB level4
class BC level4
class BD level4
class BE level4
class BF level4
class BG level4
class BH level4
class BI level4
class BJ level4
class BK level4
class BL level4
class BM level4
class BN level4
class BO level4
class BP level4
class BQ level4
class BR level6
class BS level6

  class B highlight

  %% class A level1
  %% class B,C level2
  %% class D,E,F,G,H,I level2
  %% class J,K,L,M,N,O,P level3
  %% class B highlight