Natural cork, debacked or roughly squared, or in rectangular (including square) blocks, plates, sheets or strip, (including sharp-edged blanks for corks or stoppers)

HS code 4502 covers natural cork that has been debacked or roughly squared, as well as cork products in the form of rectangular blocks, plates, sheets, or strips. This industry plays a crucial role in the global economy, providing a versatile and sustainable raw material for a wide range of applications, from bottle stoppers to insulation materials. As a natural and renewable resource, the cork industry contributes to environmental conservation efforts while supporting economic development in regions where cork oak forests are prevalent.

The production of cork products under HS code 4502 typically involves a multi-step process. First, the cork bark is harvested from cork oak trees, a process known as 'debarking' that is carried out every 9-12 years without harming the tree. The harvested cork is then sorted, graded, and processed to remove any impurities or defects. Depending on the desired end-product, the cork may be debacked, roughly squared, or cut into specific shapes and sizes, such as rectangular blocks, plates, sheets, or strips.

The primary input for the cork industry under HS code 4502 is the raw cork harvested from cork oak trees. These trees are primarily found in the Mediterranean region, with Portugal, Spain, and Algeria being the largest producers. In addition to the raw cork, the industry also requires specialized machinery and equipment for the harvesting, processing, and shaping of the cork materials. Energy sources, such as electricity or fuel, are also necessary for the various production stages.

The main outputs of the cork industry under HS code 4502 are the various cork products, including debacked or roughly squared cork, as well as rectangular (including square) blocks, plates, sheets, or strips. These cork products are then used as inputs for a wide range of industries, such as 4503 Articles of natural cork, 4504 (Agglomerated cork (with or without a binding substance) and articles of agglomerated cork), and the wine and beverage industry, where cork is commonly used for bottle stoppers.